ASSIGNMENT
Drive SUMMER 2015
Program MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
Semester 1
Subject code & name MB0038 – Management Process and Organization Behavior
Book ID B1621
Credits & Marks 4 CREDITS,60 MARKS
* Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.
No
Question Marks Total
Mark
s
1 List and describe the different strategies in the Organization. 10
Listing the strategies
Explaining the strategies
1
9
2 What do you mean by Decision Making? Explain Decision making
under certainty, uncertainty and risk. Describe the steps in
Creative Decision making.
10
Definition of Decision making.
Decision making under certainty, uncertainty and risk
Steps in Creative Decision making
2
4
4
3 What is meant by ‘span of control’? Differentiate between narrow
span of control and wide span of control. What are the factors that
influence the span of control?
10
Meaning of ‘span of control’
Difference between narrow span of control and wide span of control
Factors that influence the span of control
2
3
5
4 Define Organizational behavior. What are the various approaches
to Organizational behavior?
10
Definition of OB
Approaches to OB
3
7
5 Perception is the way we see and interpret things. Explain the
importance of such ‘perception’. What are the factors affecting
perception?
10
Importance of perception
Factors affecting perception
4
6
6 Give the definition and importance of ‘Motivation’. Describe
‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory’.
10
Definition of Motivation
Importance of Motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
2
3
5
***********
ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER 1
SUBJECT CODE &
NAME
MB0039 –Business Communication
BK ID B1622
CREDITS &
MARKS
4 Credits, 60 marks
Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.No Questions Marks Total Marks
1 Irrespective of the setting in which communication takes place, there are some key
elements involved. What are the key elements of communication?
Elements of communication 10 10
2 What is the importance of Kinesics and Proxemics in communication? Explain with
examples.
Kinesics with example
Proxemics with example
5
5
10
3 What are the steps in making oral business presentation?
steps 10 10
4 Imagine a new product from kids’ apparel industry. Write a persuasive letter to
customers, persuading them to buy your company’s product.
Choosing the product and describing in letter
Persuading the customer to buy it
5
5
10
5 You are going to face a job interview for the post of Manager-operations. Which
aspects you will keep in mind while facing the interview?
Aspects to be kept in mind during job
interview
10 10
6 Write short notes on:
a) Skimming
b) Notices
a) meaning and role of skimming
b) Meaning and role of notices
5
5
10
ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER I
SUBJECT CODE & NAME MB0040
STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT
BK ID B1731
CREDITS 4
MARKS 60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.No Questions Marks Total Marks
1 Distinguish between Classification and Tabulation. Explain the structure and
components of a Table with an example.
Meaning of Classification and Tabulation
Differences between Classification and Tabulation
Structure and Components of a Table with an example
2
2
6
10
2
(a) Explain Arithmetic mean.
(b) The mean wage is Rs. 75 per day, SD wage is Rs. 5 per day for a group of 1000
workers and the same is Rs. 60 and Rs. 4.5 for the other group of 1500 workers.
Find the mean and standard deviation for the entire group.
(a) Explanation
(b) Solution
3
7
10
3 Mr. Arun and Mr. Bhandari play a game. If Mr. Arun picks up an even number from
1 to 6, Mr. Bhandari will pay him double the amount equal to picked up number. If
Mr. Arun picks up an odd number then he has to pay amount equal to double the
picked up number. What is Mr. Arun’s expectation?
Solution 10 10
4
The probability that an employee will get an occupational disease is 20%. In
a firm having five employees, what is the probability that:
i) None of the employees get the disease
ii) Exactly two will get the disease
iii) More than four will contract the disease
(i) Solution
(ii) Solution
(iii) Solution
4
3
3
10
5
Microsoft estimated that out of 10,000 potential software buyers, 35% wait to
purchase the new OS Windows Vista, until an upgrade has been released. After an
advertising campaign to reassure the public was released, Microsoft surveyed 3000
buyers and found 950 who are still skeptical. At 5% level of significance, can the
company conclude that the population of skeptical people had decreased?
Solution 10 10
6 Explain Chi-square test and the conditions for applying chi-square test
Meaning
Conditions
5
5
10ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER I
SUBJECT CODE &
NAME
MB0041 & FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
BK ID B1624
CREDIT 4
MARKS 60
Q.No Criteria Marks Total Marks
1 Inventory in a business is valued at the end of an accounting period, at either cost or market
price, whichever is lower. This is accepted convention or a practice in accounting.
Give a small introduction on accounting conventions and elucidate all the eight accounting
conventions.
Introduction of accounting convention
Explanation of all the 8 types of conventions
2
8
10
2 Analyse the following transactions according to traditional approach.
a. 1.1.2011 Sunitha started his business with cash Rs. 5,00,000
b. 2.1.2011 Borrowed from Malathi Rs. 5,00,000
c. 2.1.2011 Purchased furniture Rs. 1,00,000
d. 4.1.2011 Purchased furniture from Meenal on credit Rs. 1,50,000
e. 5.1.2011 Purchased goods for cash Rs. 50,000
f. 6.1.2011 Purchased goods from Ram on credit Rs. 2,50,000
g. 8.1.2011 Sold goods for cash Rs. 1,25,000
h. 8.1.2011 Sold goods to Shyam on credit Rs. 55,000
i. 9.1.2011 Received cash from Shyam Rs. 25,000
j. 10.1.2011 Paid cash to Ram Rs. 90,000
A Filling in all the details in the table for all the
transactions. Each transaction carries one
mark(1*10=10)
10 10
3
The following items are found in the trial balance of M/s Sharada Enterprise on 31st December,
2000.
Sundry Debtors Rs.160000
Bad Debts written off Rs 9000
Discount allowed to Debtors Rs. 1800
Reserve for Bad and doubtful Debts 31-12-1999 Rs. 16500
Reserve for discount on Debtors 31-12-1999 Rs. 3200
You are required to provide the bad and doubtful debts at 5% and for discount on debtors at 2%.
Show the adjustments for bad debts, bad debts reserve, discount account, and provision for
discount on debtors.
Calculation and Workings
Conclusion
8
2
10
4 The reports prepared in financial accounting are also used in the management accounting.
But there are few major differences between financial accounting and management
accounting.
Explain the differences between financial accounting and management accounting in various
dimensions.
Writing down all the differences between the
financial and management accounting
10 10
5
Draw the Balance Sheet for the following information provided by Sandeep Ltd..
a. Current Ratio : 2.50
b. Liquidity Ratio : 1.50
c. Net Working Capital : Rs.300000
d. Stock Turnover Ratio : 6 times
e. Ratio of Gross Profit to Sales : 20%
f. Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio : 2 times
g. Average Debt collection period : 2 months
h. Fixed Assets to Net Worth : 0.80
i. Reserve and Surplus to Capital : 0.50
Preparation of Balance sheet (Includes all the ratios) 10 10
6
Write the main differences between cash flow analysis and fund flow analysis.
Following is the balance sheet for the period ending 31st March 2011 and 2012. If the
current year’s net loss is Rs.38,000, Calculate the cash flow from operating activities.
31st MARCH
2011 2012
Short-term loan to employees 15,000 18,000
Creditors 30,000 8,000
Provision for doubtful debts 1,200 -Bills payable 18,000 20,000
Stock in trade 15,000 13,000
Bills receivable 10,000 22,000
Prepaid expenses 800 600
Outstanding expenses 300 500
Differences between cash flow and fund flow
analysis
Preparation of statement showing cash flow from
operating activities
4
6
10
Note –Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of
400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTION PAPER
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER 1
SUBJECT CODE & NAME MB0042- MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
BK ID B1625
CREDIT & MARKS 4 Credits, 60 marks
Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately
of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.No Questions Marks Total Marks
1 Define economies of scale. Discuss the kinds of internal economies.
Definition of economies of scale 2
Kinds of internal economies 8 10
2
Consumers' interview method is a survey method used for estimating the demand for new
products. This method is very important with regard to collect the relevant information
directly from the consumers with regard to their future purchase plans. Opinion surveys
and direct interview method are the two important techniques among all. Describe these
two methods in detail.
Explanation of consumer’s interview method 1
Opinion survey method 4
Direct interview method and any two types of it 5 10
3
A cost-schedule is a statement of variations in costs resulting from variations in the levels of
Output and it shows the response of costs to changes in output. If we represent the
relationship between changes in the level of output and costs of production, we get different
types of cost curves in the short run. Define the kinds of cost concepts like TFC, TVC, TC,
AFC, AVC, AC and MC and its corresponding curves with suitable diagrams for each.
kinds of cost concepts like TFC, TVC, TC, AFC,
AVC, AC and MC and its corresponding curves
7
suitable diagrams 3 10
4
Inflation is a global Phenomenon which is associated with high price causes decline in the
value for money. It exists when the amount of money in the country is in excess of the
physical volume of goods and services. Explain the reasons for this monetary phenomenon.
Define Inflation 2
Causes for Inflation 8 10
5
Describe perfect competition and its features.
Definition of perfect competition 2
Features 8 10
6.
Define revenue. Explain the types of revenue and the relationship between TR, AR and MR
with an example of a hypothetical revenue schedule.
Definition of revenue 1
Types of revenue 3
Relationship between TR, MR and AR 4
Hypothetical revenue schedule 2 10
ASSIGNMENT
Drive SUMMER 2015
Program MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
Semester 1
Subject code & name MB0043 – HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Book ID B1626
Credits & Marks 4 CREDITS,60 MARKS
* Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.
No
Question Marks Total
Marks
1 The success of HR plans depends on the accuracy of HR forecasts.
What is the meaning of this HR forecasting? Describe the
following HR forecasting techniques: (a) Index/ Trend analysis
and (b) Expert forecasting.
10
Meaning of HR forecasting
Index/ Trend analysis
Expert forecasting
2
4
4
2 Write short notes on: (i) Selection test and (ii) Interviews 10
(i) Various selection tests conducted by organizations
(ii) Interview process and Types of interviews
5
5
3 What do you mean by management development? What are its
objectives and methods?
10
Meaning of management development
Objectives
Explanation of On-the-job and Off-the-job development methods
2
2
6
4 Suppose you have joined as HR executive in a software company.
The first task you have been assigned is to work on Career
planning. What are the various career programs will you consider?
10
List of various career programs
Explanation of the career programs
1
9
5 Define performance review. What are the types of appraisal
methods? Describe the ways to evaluate an employee individually.
10
Definition of performance review
Types of appraisal methods
Explanation of individual evaluation methods
2
4
4
6 Many organizations maintain a disciplinary policy or system to
regulate the behavior of the employees and deal with acts of
indiscipline. Describe such various disciplinary action – penalties
in business organizations.
10
List the commonly practiced disciplinary actions
Explanation of each of these actions
1
9
***********
Drive SUMMER 2015
Program MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
Semester 1
Subject code & name MB0038 – Management Process and Organization Behavior
Book ID B1621
Credits & Marks 4 CREDITS,60 MARKS
* Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.
No
Question Marks Total
Mark
s
1 List and describe the different strategies in the Organization. 10
Listing the strategies
Explaining the strategies
1
9
2 What do you mean by Decision Making? Explain Decision making
under certainty, uncertainty and risk. Describe the steps in
Creative Decision making.
10
Definition of Decision making.
Decision making under certainty, uncertainty and risk
Steps in Creative Decision making
2
4
4
3 What is meant by ‘span of control’? Differentiate between narrow
span of control and wide span of control. What are the factors that
influence the span of control?
10
Meaning of ‘span of control’
Difference between narrow span of control and wide span of control
Factors that influence the span of control
2
3
5
4 Define Organizational behavior. What are the various approaches
to Organizational behavior?
10
Definition of OB
Approaches to OB
3
7
5 Perception is the way we see and interpret things. Explain the
importance of such ‘perception’. What are the factors affecting
perception?
10
Importance of perception
Factors affecting perception
4
6
6 Give the definition and importance of ‘Motivation’. Describe
‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory’.
10
Definition of Motivation
Importance of Motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
2
3
5
***********
ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER 1
SUBJECT CODE &
NAME
MB0039 –Business Communication
BK ID B1622
CREDITS &
MARKS
4 Credits, 60 marks
Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.No Questions Marks Total Marks
1 Irrespective of the setting in which communication takes place, there are some key
elements involved. What are the key elements of communication?
Elements of communication 10 10
2 What is the importance of Kinesics and Proxemics in communication? Explain with
examples.
Kinesics with example
Proxemics with example
5
5
10
3 What are the steps in making oral business presentation?
steps 10 10
4 Imagine a new product from kids’ apparel industry. Write a persuasive letter to
customers, persuading them to buy your company’s product.
Choosing the product and describing in letter
Persuading the customer to buy it
5
5
10
5 You are going to face a job interview for the post of Manager-operations. Which
aspects you will keep in mind while facing the interview?
Aspects to be kept in mind during job
interview
10 10
6 Write short notes on:
a) Skimming
b) Notices
a) meaning and role of skimming
b) Meaning and role of notices
5
5
10
ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER I
SUBJECT CODE & NAME MB0040
STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT
BK ID B1731
CREDITS 4
MARKS 60
Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.No Questions Marks Total Marks
1 Distinguish between Classification and Tabulation. Explain the structure and
components of a Table with an example.
Meaning of Classification and Tabulation
Differences between Classification and Tabulation
Structure and Components of a Table with an example
2
2
6
10
2
(a) Explain Arithmetic mean.
(b) The mean wage is Rs. 75 per day, SD wage is Rs. 5 per day for a group of 1000
workers and the same is Rs. 60 and Rs. 4.5 for the other group of 1500 workers.
Find the mean and standard deviation for the entire group.
(a) Explanation
(b) Solution
3
7
10
3 Mr. Arun and Mr. Bhandari play a game. If Mr. Arun picks up an even number from
1 to 6, Mr. Bhandari will pay him double the amount equal to picked up number. If
Mr. Arun picks up an odd number then he has to pay amount equal to double the
picked up number. What is Mr. Arun’s expectation?
Solution 10 10
4
The probability that an employee will get an occupational disease is 20%. In
a firm having five employees, what is the probability that:
i) None of the employees get the disease
ii) Exactly two will get the disease
iii) More than four will contract the disease
(i) Solution
(ii) Solution
(iii) Solution
4
3
3
10
5
Microsoft estimated that out of 10,000 potential software buyers, 35% wait to
purchase the new OS Windows Vista, until an upgrade has been released. After an
advertising campaign to reassure the public was released, Microsoft surveyed 3000
buyers and found 950 who are still skeptical. At 5% level of significance, can the
company conclude that the population of skeptical people had decreased?
Solution 10 10
6 Explain Chi-square test and the conditions for applying chi-square test
Meaning
Conditions
5
5
10ASSIGNMENT
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER I
SUBJECT CODE &
NAME
MB0041 & FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
BK ID B1624
CREDIT 4
MARKS 60
Q.No Criteria Marks Total Marks
1 Inventory in a business is valued at the end of an accounting period, at either cost or market
price, whichever is lower. This is accepted convention or a practice in accounting.
Give a small introduction on accounting conventions and elucidate all the eight accounting
conventions.
Introduction of accounting convention
Explanation of all the 8 types of conventions
2
8
10
2 Analyse the following transactions according to traditional approach.
a. 1.1.2011 Sunitha started his business with cash Rs. 5,00,000
b. 2.1.2011 Borrowed from Malathi Rs. 5,00,000
c. 2.1.2011 Purchased furniture Rs. 1,00,000
d. 4.1.2011 Purchased furniture from Meenal on credit Rs. 1,50,000
e. 5.1.2011 Purchased goods for cash Rs. 50,000
f. 6.1.2011 Purchased goods from Ram on credit Rs. 2,50,000
g. 8.1.2011 Sold goods for cash Rs. 1,25,000
h. 8.1.2011 Sold goods to Shyam on credit Rs. 55,000
i. 9.1.2011 Received cash from Shyam Rs. 25,000
j. 10.1.2011 Paid cash to Ram Rs. 90,000
A Filling in all the details in the table for all the
transactions. Each transaction carries one
mark(1*10=10)
10 10
3
The following items are found in the trial balance of M/s Sharada Enterprise on 31st December,
2000.
Sundry Debtors Rs.160000
Bad Debts written off Rs 9000
Discount allowed to Debtors Rs. 1800
Reserve for Bad and doubtful Debts 31-12-1999 Rs. 16500
Reserve for discount on Debtors 31-12-1999 Rs. 3200
You are required to provide the bad and doubtful debts at 5% and for discount on debtors at 2%.
Show the adjustments for bad debts, bad debts reserve, discount account, and provision for
discount on debtors.
Calculation and Workings
Conclusion
8
2
10
4 The reports prepared in financial accounting are also used in the management accounting.
But there are few major differences between financial accounting and management
accounting.
Explain the differences between financial accounting and management accounting in various
dimensions.
Writing down all the differences between the
financial and management accounting
10 10
5
Draw the Balance Sheet for the following information provided by Sandeep Ltd..
a. Current Ratio : 2.50
b. Liquidity Ratio : 1.50
c. Net Working Capital : Rs.300000
d. Stock Turnover Ratio : 6 times
e. Ratio of Gross Profit to Sales : 20%
f. Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio : 2 times
g. Average Debt collection period : 2 months
h. Fixed Assets to Net Worth : 0.80
i. Reserve and Surplus to Capital : 0.50
Preparation of Balance sheet (Includes all the ratios) 10 10
6
Write the main differences between cash flow analysis and fund flow analysis.
Following is the balance sheet for the period ending 31st March 2011 and 2012. If the
current year’s net loss is Rs.38,000, Calculate the cash flow from operating activities.
31st MARCH
2011 2012
Short-term loan to employees 15,000 18,000
Creditors 30,000 8,000
Provision for doubtful debts 1,200 -Bills payable 18,000 20,000
Stock in trade 15,000 13,000
Bills receivable 10,000 22,000
Prepaid expenses 800 600
Outstanding expenses 300 500
Differences between cash flow and fund flow
analysis
Preparation of statement showing cash flow from
operating activities
4
6
10
Note –Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of
400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTION PAPER
DRIVE SUMMER 2015
PROGRAM MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
SEMESTER 1
SUBJECT CODE & NAME MB0042- MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
BK ID B1625
CREDIT & MARKS 4 Credits, 60 marks
Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately
of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.No Questions Marks Total Marks
1 Define economies of scale. Discuss the kinds of internal economies.
Definition of economies of scale 2
Kinds of internal economies 8 10
2
Consumers' interview method is a survey method used for estimating the demand for new
products. This method is very important with regard to collect the relevant information
directly from the consumers with regard to their future purchase plans. Opinion surveys
and direct interview method are the two important techniques among all. Describe these
two methods in detail.
Explanation of consumer’s interview method 1
Opinion survey method 4
Direct interview method and any two types of it 5 10
3
A cost-schedule is a statement of variations in costs resulting from variations in the levels of
Output and it shows the response of costs to changes in output. If we represent the
relationship between changes in the level of output and costs of production, we get different
types of cost curves in the short run. Define the kinds of cost concepts like TFC, TVC, TC,
AFC, AVC, AC and MC and its corresponding curves with suitable diagrams for each.
kinds of cost concepts like TFC, TVC, TC, AFC,
AVC, AC and MC and its corresponding curves
7
suitable diagrams 3 10
4
Inflation is a global Phenomenon which is associated with high price causes decline in the
value for money. It exists when the amount of money in the country is in excess of the
physical volume of goods and services. Explain the reasons for this monetary phenomenon.
Define Inflation 2
Causes for Inflation 8 10
5
Describe perfect competition and its features.
Definition of perfect competition 2
Features 8 10
6.
Define revenue. Explain the types of revenue and the relationship between TR, AR and MR
with an example of a hypothetical revenue schedule.
Definition of revenue 1
Types of revenue 3
Relationship between TR, MR and AR 4
Hypothetical revenue schedule 2 10
ASSIGNMENT
Drive SUMMER 2015
Program MBA/ MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ PGDBAN2
Semester 1
Subject code & name MB0043 – HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Book ID B1626
Credits & Marks 4 CREDITS,60 MARKS
* Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
Q.
No
Question Marks Total
Marks
1 The success of HR plans depends on the accuracy of HR forecasts.
What is the meaning of this HR forecasting? Describe the
following HR forecasting techniques: (a) Index/ Trend analysis
and (b) Expert forecasting.
10
Meaning of HR forecasting
Index/ Trend analysis
Expert forecasting
2
4
4
2 Write short notes on: (i) Selection test and (ii) Interviews 10
(i) Various selection tests conducted by organizations
(ii) Interview process and Types of interviews
5
5
3 What do you mean by management development? What are its
objectives and methods?
10
Meaning of management development
Objectives
Explanation of On-the-job and Off-the-job development methods
2
2
6
4 Suppose you have joined as HR executive in a software company.
The first task you have been assigned is to work on Career
planning. What are the various career programs will you consider?
10
List of various career programs
Explanation of the career programs
1
9
5 Define performance review. What are the types of appraisal
methods? Describe the ways to evaluate an employee individually.
10
Definition of performance review
Types of appraisal methods
Explanation of individual evaluation methods
2
4
4
6 Many organizations maintain a disciplinary policy or system to
regulate the behavior of the employees and deal with acts of
indiscipline. Describe such various disciplinary action – penalties
in business organizations.
10
List the commonly practiced disciplinary actions
Explanation of each of these actions
1
9
***********
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